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1. Choose the word that best fits the blank. The senator's （　） remarks, full of clever insults disguised as praise, left his rival unsure whether he had been complimented or attacked.
2. Choose the word that best fits the blank. Far from being a passing fad, the movement proved remarkably （　）, retaining its influence on art and politics for over a century.
3. Choose the word that best fits the blank. Critics accused the biography of being little more than a （　） account that ignored every flaw in its subject's character.
4. Choose the word that best fits the blank. The committee's decision was a mere （　）: the real power to set policy had quietly been transferred to an unelected panel of advisers.
5. Choose the word that best fits the blank. Years of drought had left the once-fertile delta a （　） expanse where almost nothing could grow.
6. Choose the word that best fits the blank. The professor was renowned for her ability to （　） even the most abstruse theories into language that beginners could grasp.
7. Choose the word that best fits the blank. Although outwardly calm, the negotiator's （　） attention to every shift in tone allowed him to detect the smallest sign of weakness.
8. Choose the word that best fits the blank. The defendant's story was so full of inconsistencies that the jury quickly dismissed it as a transparent （　）.
9. Choose the word that best fits the blank. The reforms were intended to （　） the rigid hierarchy that had stifled innovation within the organization for decades.
10. Choose the word that best fits the blank. His apology felt （　）, as though he were merely reciting words he did not believe in order to end the conversation.
11. Choose the word that best fits the blank. The dictator surrounded himself with （　） advisers who praised his every decision and dared not voice dissent.
12. Choose the word that best fits the blank. The treaty was meant to be permanent, but a single ambiguous clause ultimately proved its （　）, allowing either side to withdraw at will.
13. Choose the word that best fits the blank. The artist deliberately left the meaning of her work （　）, inviting each viewer to arrive at a personal interpretation.
14. Choose the word that best fits the blank. Economists warned that the central bank's intervention, however well-intentioned, might （　） the very crisis it was designed to prevent.
15. Choose the word that best fits the blank. The witness recounted the events with such （　） that the lawyers could not shake a single detail of her account.
16. Choose the word that best fits the blank. The new evidence cast serious doubt on a theory that scientists had long taken to be （　）.
17. Choose the phrase that best fits the blank. The minister tried to （　） the scandal, dismissing it as a minor administrative error unworthy of public attention.
18. Choose the word that best fits the blank. Decades of mismanagement had （　） the company's once-formidable reputation, leaving it a shadow of its former self.
19. Choose the word that best fits the blank. The proposal was rejected not on its merits but because of a （　） dislike of its author among the board members.
20. Choose the word that best fits the blank. Rather than confront the problem directly, the report （　） the issue in layers of jargon that obscured its true severity.
21. Read the passage and choose the best word or phrase for the blank. Proponents of unfettered free speech often argue that the remedy for harmful ideas is simply more speech. Allow every opinion to be aired, the reasoning goes, and the truth will eventually prevail in open debate. Critics, （　）, contend that this comforting metaphor of a self-correcting "marketplace of ideas" ignores how unequal access to platforms can allow falsehoods to drown out facts long before any correction takes hold.
22. Read the passage and choose the best word or phrase for the blank. The promise of automation has always been double-edged. Each wave of new machinery has eliminated certain occupations while creating others, and historically the net effect on employment has been broadly positive. Today's anxieties about artificial intelligence may therefore seem overblown. Yet some economists caution against complacency, noting that the speed and breadth of the current transformation could （　） the labor market's capacity to adapt, at least in the short term.
23. Read the passage and choose the best word or phrase for the blank. For much of the twentieth century, gross domestic product served as the dominant measure of a nation's success. A rising GDP was taken as proof that life was getting better. In recent years, however, this assumption has come under increasing scrutiny. Critics point out that GDP counts all economic activity as a gain, （　） whether that activity reflects genuine progress or merely the cost of repairing damage—such as cleaning up after a disaster or treating preventable illness.
24. Read the passage and choose the best word or phrase for the blank. Historians once portrayed the great explorers as heroic individuals driven by personal curiosity and courage. More recent scholarship has complicated that picture. Far from being lone adventurers, these figures typically operated as （　） of powerful states and trading companies, whose appetite for territory and profit shaped where they went and what they did once they arrived.
25. Read the passage and choose the best word or phrase for the blank. The ethics of preserving endangered languages provokes surprisingly sharp disagreement. Some argue that every language embodies a unique way of understanding the world, and that its loss diminishes humanity as a whole. Others counter that resources poured into reviving languages with few remaining speakers might be better spent elsewhere. The dispute is unlikely to be resolved soon, （　） it touches on deep questions about identity, value, and what a community owes to its own past.
26. Read the passage and choose the best word or phrase for the blank. Nostalgia is often dismissed as a sentimental indulgence, a refusal to face the present. Recent psychological research, however, suggests a more nuanced view. Far from being merely escapist, recalling cherished memories appears to （　） a sense of meaning and social connectedness, helping people cope with loneliness and uncertainty. Used in moderation, it seems, looking back may actually equip us to move forward.
27. Read the passage and answer the question. For most of recorded history, moral philosophy concerned itself almost exclusively with duties among human beings. Animals, when considered at all, were regarded as property or as instruments for human use. Over the past two centuries, however, a growing number of thinkers have challenged this assumption, arguing that the capacity to suffer—rather than the ability to reason or speak—should determine whether a creature deserves moral consideration. If a being can experience pain, they contend, then its suffering carries moral weight, and to ignore it merely because the being is not human is a form of unjustified prejudice. Critics of this view do not necessarily deny that animals can suffer. Instead, they question whether suffering alone is a sufficient basis for rights. Rights, they argue, traditionally entail corresponding responsibilities, and creatures incapable of recognizing duties cannot meaningfully be said to possess them. Defenders of animal interests respond that this objection confuses two separate matters: the question of who can hold duties and the question of whose interests deserve protection. Infants and the severely incapacitated, after all, are owed moral consideration despite being unable to shoulder obligations. 質問しつもん: According to the passage, what do the thinkers described in the first paragraph believe should determine whether a creature deserves moral consideration?
28. Read the passage and answer the question. For most of recorded history, moral philosophy concerned itself almost exclusively with duties among human beings. Animals, when considered at all, were regarded as property or as instruments for human use. Over the past two centuries, however, a growing number of thinkers have challenged this assumption, arguing that the capacity to suffer—rather than the ability to reason or speak—should determine whether a creature deserves moral consideration. If a being can experience pain, they contend, then its suffering carries moral weight, and to ignore it merely because the being is not human is a form of unjustified prejudice. Critics of this view do not necessarily deny that animals can suffer. Instead, they question whether suffering alone is a sufficient basis for rights. Rights, they argue, traditionally entail corresponding responsibilities, and creatures incapable of recognizing duties cannot meaningfully be said to possess them. Defenders of animal interests respond that this objection confuses two separate matters: the question of who can hold duties and the question of whose interests deserve protection. Infants and the severely incapacitated, after all, are owed moral consideration despite being unable to shoulder obligations. 質問しつもん: What objection do the critics in the second paragraph raise?
29. Read the passage and answer the question. For most of recorded history, moral philosophy concerned itself almost exclusively with duties among human beings. Animals, when considered at all, were regarded as property or as instruments for human use. Over the past two centuries, however, a growing number of thinkers have challenged this assumption, arguing that the capacity to suffer—rather than the ability to reason or speak—should determine whether a creature deserves moral consideration. If a being can experience pain, they contend, then its suffering carries moral weight, and to ignore it merely because the being is not human is a form of unjustified prejudice. Critics of this view do not necessarily deny that animals can suffer. Instead, they question whether suffering alone is a sufficient basis for rights. Rights, they argue, traditionally entail corresponding responsibilities, and creatures incapable of recognizing duties cannot meaningfully be said to possess them. Defenders of animal interests respond that this objection confuses two separate matters: the question of who can hold duties and the question of whose interests deserve protection. Infants and the severely incapacitated, after all, are owed moral consideration despite being unable to shoulder obligations. 質問しつもん: How do the defenders of animal interests respond to that objection?
30. Read the passage and answer the question. The transition to renewable energy is frequently portrayed as a straightforward matter of building enough wind turbines and solar panels. The reality is considerably more complex. Unlike conventional power plants, which can generate electricity on demand, wind and solar output fluctuate with the weather and the time of day. A grid that draws heavily on such sources must therefore find ways to balance supply and demand from moment to moment, or risk blackouts when the wind drops and surpluses that go to waste when it surges. One widely discussed solution is large-scale energy storage, which would allow electricity generated in times of plenty to be saved for times of scarcity. Yet existing battery technology remains expensive and, for the vast quantities a national grid would require, not yet adequate. Other approaches—such as linking distant regions so that surpluses in one area can offset shortfalls in another, or adjusting demand to match supply—each carry their own technical and political obstacles. The point is not that a clean-energy future is impossible, but that achieving it demands far more than simply manufacturing more panels and turbines. 質問しつもん: According to the passage, what makes wind and solar power different from conventional power plants?
31. Read the passage and answer the question. The transition to renewable energy is frequently portrayed as a straightforward matter of building enough wind turbines and solar panels. The reality is considerably more complex. Unlike conventional power plants, which can generate electricity on demand, wind and solar output fluctuate with the weather and the time of day. A grid that draws heavily on such sources must therefore find ways to balance supply and demand from moment to moment, or risk blackouts when the wind drops and surpluses that go to waste when it surges. One widely discussed solution is large-scale energy storage, which would allow electricity generated in times of plenty to be saved for times of scarcity. Yet existing battery technology remains expensive and, for the vast quantities a national grid would require, not yet adequate. Other approaches—such as linking distant regions so that surpluses in one area can offset shortfalls in another, or adjusting demand to match supply—each carry their own technical and political obstacles. The point is not that a clean-energy future is impossible, but that achieving it demands far more than simply manufacturing more panels and turbines. 質問しつもん: Why is large-scale energy storage not yet a complete solution?
32. Read the passage and answer the question. The transition to renewable energy is frequently portrayed as a straightforward matter of building enough wind turbines and solar panels. The reality is considerably more complex. Unlike conventional power plants, which can generate electricity on demand, wind and solar output fluctuate with the weather and the time of day. A grid that draws heavily on such sources must therefore find ways to balance supply and demand from moment to moment, or risk blackouts when the wind drops and surpluses that go to waste when it surges. One widely discussed solution is large-scale energy storage, which would allow electricity generated in times of plenty to be saved for times of scarcity. Yet existing battery technology remains expensive and, for the vast quantities a national grid would require, not yet adequate. Other approaches—such as linking distant regions so that surpluses in one area can offset shortfalls in another, or adjusting demand to match supply—each carry their own technical and political obstacles. The point is not that a clean-energy future is impossible, but that achieving it demands far more than simply manufacturing more panels and turbines. 質問しつもん: Which of the following is mentioned as an alternative approach to balancing the grid?
33. Read the passage and answer the question. The transition to renewable energy is frequently portrayed as a straightforward matter of building enough wind turbines and solar panels. The reality is considerably more complex. Unlike conventional power plants, which can generate electricity on demand, wind and solar output fluctuate with the weather and the time of day. A grid that draws heavily on such sources must therefore find ways to balance supply and demand from moment to moment, or risk blackouts when the wind drops and surpluses that go to waste when it surges. One widely discussed solution is large-scale energy storage, which would allow electricity generated in times of plenty to be saved for times of scarcity. Yet existing battery technology remains expensive and, for the vast quantities a national grid would require, not yet adequate. Other approaches—such as linking distant regions so that surpluses in one area can offset shortfalls in another, or adjusting demand to match supply—each carry their own technical and political obstacles. The point is not that a clean-energy future is impossible, but that achieving it demands far more than simply manufacturing more panels and turbines. 質問しつもん: What is the main point the author wishes to make?
34. Read the passage and answer the question. Modern societies depend on expertise to a degree that few of us fully appreciate. We trust engineers to design bridges we will never inspect, physicians to prescribe drugs whose chemistry we cannot evaluate, and economists to interpret data we have neither the time nor the training to analyze. This division of cognitive labor allows civilization to function, but it rests on a fragile foundation of trust. When that trust erodes, the consequences can be severe: people may reject sound advice on matters ranging from public health to climate policy. Why does such trust break down? Part of the answer lies in the genuine failures of experts themselves—instances of overconfidence, conflicts of interest, or predictions that prove badly wrong. But the erosion also has deeper roots. The same communication technologies that spread reliable knowledge can amplify misinformation just as efficiently, and they allow anyone to present opinion with the appearance of authority. Faced with a flood of competing claims, ordinary citizens find it harder than ever to distinguish genuine expertise from confident imitation. Restoring trust, the author suggests, will require not only that experts earn it through honesty and humility, but also that the public relearn how to recognize it. 質問しつもん: According to the passage, why is the "division of cognitive labor" described as resting on a fragile foundation?
35. Read the passage and answer the question. Modern societies depend on expertise to a degree that few of us fully appreciate. We trust engineers to design bridges we will never inspect, physicians to prescribe drugs whose chemistry we cannot evaluate, and economists to interpret data we have neither the time nor the training to analyze. This division of cognitive labor allows civilization to function, but it rests on a fragile foundation of trust. When that trust erodes, the consequences can be severe: people may reject sound advice on matters ranging from public health to climate policy. Why does such trust break down? Part of the answer lies in the genuine failures of experts themselves—instances of overconfidence, conflicts of interest, or predictions that prove badly wrong. But the erosion also has deeper roots. The same communication technologies that spread reliable knowledge can amplify misinformation just as efficiently, and they allow anyone to present opinion with the appearance of authority. Faced with a flood of competing claims, ordinary citizens find it harder than ever to distinguish genuine expertise from confident imitation. Restoring trust, the author suggests, will require not only that experts earn it through honesty and humility, but also that the public relearn how to recognize it. 質問しつもん: According to the passage, how have communication technologies contributed to the erosion of trust?
36. Read the passage and answer the question. Modern societies depend on expertise to a degree that few of us fully appreciate. We trust engineers to design bridges we will never inspect, physicians to prescribe drugs whose chemistry we cannot evaluate, and economists to interpret data we have neither the time nor the training to analyze. This division of cognitive labor allows civilization to function, but it rests on a fragile foundation of trust. When that trust erodes, the consequences can be severe: people may reject sound advice on matters ranging from public health to climate policy. Why does such trust break down? Part of the answer lies in the genuine failures of experts themselves—instances of overconfidence, conflicts of interest, or predictions that prove badly wrong. But the erosion also has deeper roots. The same communication technologies that spread reliable knowledge can amplify misinformation just as efficiently, and they allow anyone to present opinion with the appearance of authority. Faced with a flood of competing claims, ordinary citizens find it harder than ever to distinguish genuine expertise from confident imitation. Restoring trust, the author suggests, will require not only that experts earn it through honesty and humility, but also that the public relearn how to recognize it. 質問しつもん: What does the author suggest is needed to restore trust?
37. Read the broadcast text and answer the question. 放送ほうそう文ぶん: Woman: Professor Hale, your latest book argues that the gig economy is reshaping the very meaning of work. Could you summarize your thesis? Man: Certainly. The conventional career—a single employer, a fixed salary, a pension—was really a feature of one particular era. What we're seeing now is a return to something older: people stitching together income from multiple sources. The danger isn't the flexibility itself, which many workers value, but the loss of the protections that came bundled with traditional employment—sick leave, insurance, and so on. Woman: So the solution isn't to roll back the gig economy? Man: Exactly. The task is to detach those protections from the old model of employment and attach them to individuals instead. 質問しつもん: What is Professor Hale's main argument?
38. Read the broadcast text and answer the question. 放送ほうそう文ぶん: Attention all staff. As part of our transition to a paperless office, the document management system will be upgraded this weekend. From Monday, all internal forms must be submitted electronically through the new portal; paper submissions will no longer be processed. Training sessions are optional but strongly recommended, and short video guides will be posted on the intranet. If you encounter any difficulties after the switchover, please contact the IT help desk rather than reverting to paper forms. 質問しつもん: What are staff instructed to do from Monday?
39. Read the broadcast text and answer the question. 放送ほうそう文ぶん: Reporter: The city council has approved a controversial plan to introduce a congestion charge in the downtown core. Drivers entering the central zone on weekdays will pay a daily fee, with the revenue earmarked for expanding public transport. Supporters say the measure will cut pollution and ease gridlock, pointing to similar schemes abroad. Opponents, however, warn that the charge could hurt small businesses and fall hardest on lower-income commuters who have few alternatives to driving. The council has pledged to review the policy after one year. 質問しつもん: What concern do opponents of the plan raise?
40. Read the broadcast text and answer the question. 放送ほうそう文ぶん: Guide: Welcome, everyone, to the observatory. Before we go up to the telescope dome, a few points. Tonight's viewing depends entirely on the weather; if clouds roll in, we'll switch to the indoor planetarium instead, so the tour will go ahead regardless. Please keep your phones on silent and avoid using flash photography, as bright light interferes with everyone's night vision. Lastly, the dome is unheated, so I'd advise keeping your coats on. 質問しつもん: What will happen if the sky becomes cloudy?